On top of this basilic and after paying half of the site, the primitive Mosque was constructed. This basilic, of rectangular shape, was shared for a period of time between Moslems and Christians. Nowadays, some of the constructive elements of the Visigoth building are integrated in the first part of Abderraman I. The passage of time was to be followed by numerous modifications, specifically up to the last Umayyad caliph, Hissan II. It can therefore be said that it is the fruit of a whole dynastic project, which instils a unique character.
In this building the first eleven naves were built, which are oriented towards the south and reflect the clear influence of the combination of Roman, Hellenistic and Visigothic styles in the construction, which laid the foundations for the extensions to which it would be subjected until it became what we know today as the Mosque. The first extension to the Mosque was made in the ninth century by the successor of the previous reign: Abderraman II.
Eight more naves were added to the prayer hall, oriented in the same direction as the previous ones. With this, the old wall of the quibla was demolished, thus building a new one. The later intervention of Abderraman III 10th century focused on the enlargement of the courtyard and the construction of a new minaret tower of the Mosque. With the caliphate of Alhaken II the second and most significant expansion in the history of the building was carried out, which dates from the same tenth century.
Adding to the oratory twelve sections facing the Guadalquivir River, the structures of the maqsura and the mihrab were increased. Also outstanding in this extension was the rise of its decorative design: atauriques, mosaics and marbles. Although it was not a great innovation, the extension of Almanzor dated from the same century greatly expanded the building, with eight naves oriented towards the eastern side and led to the expansion of the courtyard to the east.
The Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba has 1 9 doors , each of which is strategically positioned. We begin our visit with the Gate of Deanes , which is located on the west side of the courtyard. It is one of the oldest as documented by some historians.
It is said that in its interior it has a horseshoe arch very little closed that is related to the ships of Abd al-Rahman. Its name comes from the passage of the Deanes by this one when they were going to take new possessions in the charges. On the same side, we can also access the Patio de los Naranjos through the Gate of Postigo de leche , it is said that in this place was where they deposited the abandoned children, although it is also said that it was where the women who wanted to be hired by the cribs were sheltered.
It is contiguous to the tower, thus forming a whole. It is significant because it is built by two horseshoe arches, one facing the Patio de los Naranjos and the other to the outside.
At the top of the cornice you can enjoy three poly-lobed arches with religious paintings representing Our Lady of the Assumption, St. Raphael and St. On the other hand, we move east of the wall, where we will find the Gate of Grada Redonda , it owes its name to a blue stone tier that had a circular shape and was positioned in the form of a platform.
Finally, we will talk about the Gate of Santa Catalina , which is the last door that has access to the Patio de los Naranjos is the second most important door as it is said to be intended for some religious manifestations. The foundation building was relatively smaller than the one we see today, but it already had the essential features of the oratory.
Abd al-Rahman I concentrated his attention on the prayer room. The mosque was oriented to the south, a strategic place, very close to the Roman bridge.
Abd al-Rahman II decided to extend the oratory, projecting it further south. To do this he demolished the wall of the qibla, and added 8 more sections, reaching a total of He enlarged the courtyard that had been left unbalanced by the expansion of sections of his predecessor, and decided to plant olive trees, cypresses, laurels, making it a paradise where there is no lack of water.
He also rebuilt the minaret, placed it next to the door, and ordered it to be built, abandoning the original eastern minaret typology, the heliocoidal one, deciding that this would have its prismatic traces, and from then on it would be the model for all the mosques of Al-Andalus.
A new extension of the prayer room comes with Al-Hakan II , adding 12 more crossings and bringing the qibla wall further south. This is an important moment because it defines some of the most surprising and important spaces of the mosque, the execution of the skylight, the maqqsura, and the mihrab.
Almanzor is going to commit the fourth great phase of transformation, he is going to extend the floor of the building towards the west because he did not have more space in the south. It includes 8 new sections, and forces him to enlarge the courtyard again. The building gained in capacity even though its access, the minaret, and the mihrab were diverted from the center.
It was in the 15th century when the Bishop of Cordoba , Don Alonso Manrique, carried out the last transformation of the space. The minaret is one of the most important constructions of the Islamic culture.
It is the way to call to prayer the faithful of Allah, so its study is key in this context. It is Abd al-Rahman III who built what we know today as the bell tower of the cathedral mosque , and is that having a previous of which we retain its foundations, decided to raise a new one next to the entrance door and completely new ways to what was being done.
In the year , the town hall already owner of the mosque, decides to remodel the tower after a big storm years before. The state in which it was in was lamentable, with a destroyed octagonal spire. He decided to wrap the tower with a thick wall up to the body of bells with Serlian forms on all its faces.
With him, the south and west sides of the tower were founded and reinforced, and the original doors of the minaret were closed. In , a storm destroyed the pedestal of the San Rafael, and a few years later , after the Lisbon earthquake , many parts of the building collapsed, especially the decorative elements.
T he person in charge of restoring the tower at that time was the Frenchman Baltasar Dreveton. The use of the courtyard in Muslim times is not the same as it is today, as it was used for teaching, holding trials and as a link between the worldly and the sacred. This Muslim campaign has been rejected on multiple occasions, both by the church authorities in Spain and by the Vatican.
In planning the mosque, the architects incorporated a number of Roman columns with choice capitals. Some of the columns were already in the Gothic structure; others were sent from various regions of Iberia as presents from the governors of provinces.
Ivory, jasper, porphyry, gold, silver, copper, and brass were used in the decorations. Marvellous mosaics and azulejos were designed. Panels of scented woods were fastened with nails of pure gold, and the red marble columns were said to be the work of God. The primitive part of the building, erected under the direction of Abd al-Rahman I. Later, the immense temple embodied all the styles of Morisco architecture into one composition. To the people of al-Andalus "the beauty of the mosque was so dazzling that it defied any description.
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