Observed increases from baseline for HR at the mg smoked cannabis dose mean [SD], At the mg dose, the magnitude of HR increase was significantly greater following vaporized cannabis mean [SD], On average, peak changes in HR occurred immediately ie, at the minute postdosing assessment point and returned to baseline within 3 hours of cannabis administration Figure 4. Consistent with the pharmacodynamic outcomes, quantitative THC concentrations in whole blood were higher following vaporized vs smoked cannabis administration and demonstrated dose-orderly differences eFigure in Supplement 2.
Blood THC concentrations peaked at the minute postdosing time point and returned to 0 within 4 hours of dosing for all conditions. Two participants vomited 1 after mg THC vaporized inhalation and 1 after mg THC smoked inhalation and another experienced hallucinations 27 after inhaling 25 mg of vaporized cannabis. The current study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the acute effects associated with smoked and vaporized cannabis, at multiple THC doses, among healthy adults.
Unlike prior controlled examinations of acute cannabis effects, participants in this study were not regular cannabis users. On average, participants last used cannabis about 1 year prior to enrollment, and none had used cannabis in the 30 days prior to enrollment.
After inhaling smoked and vaporized cannabis containing 25 mg of THC, participants experienced pronounced drug effects, substantial impairment of cognitive and psychomotor functioning, and marked increases in HR. Notably, the highest dose of cannabis administered in this study 25 mg of THC: 0. Regulatory and clinical entities should consider these results in decisions involving cannabis accessibility, dosing recommendations, and education for novice cannabis users.
In contrast to previous controlled comparisons of smoked and vaporized cannabis effects, 12 - 14 in the current study, vaporized cannabis produced significantly greater subjective drug effects, cognitive and psychomotor impairment, and higher blood THC concentrations than the same doses of smoked cannabis.
These discrepant results may be because procedures used in former studies enabled users to titrate their THC dose, whereas the current study required participants to self-administer a fixed amount of cannabis.
Interestingly, the time course of effects differed across outcome measures such that increases in blood THC concentrations and HR returned to baseline more rapidly than subjective drug effects and cognitive and psychomotor impairment.
Additionally, blood THC concentrations were only moderately correlated with subjective drug effects and weakly correlated, or not correlated at all, with cognitive and psychomotor performance. The current study has some noteworthy limitations.
Future studies are needed to determine the generality of the effects found in the study to other forms of cannabis eg, cannabis extracts and those with varied THC:CBD ratios.
Additionally, vaporizer characteristics eg, temperature and power output could mediate THC delivery and should be explored further. The extent to which chronic cannabis users or users who have a specific preference for vaporized or smoked cannabis differ on the outcomes examined in the study are unclear. Third, the small sample size of the current study precluded evaluation of participant characteristics eg, genetics that could influence acute cannabis effects.
In this study, participants experienced dose-orderly increases in subjective drug effects, cognitive and psychomotor impairment, acute cardiovascular effects, and blood THC concentrations following inhalation of smoked and vaporized cannabis. Notably, vaporized cannabis produced greater changes in study outcomes relative to smoked cannabis. As the legal cannabis marketplace continues to expand, future studies should further explore the effects of vaporizers and other novel methods for cannabis administration in users with different degrees of experience with cannabis, as the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles will likely differ substantially across products and users.
Published: November 30, Correction: This article was corrected on December 21, , to fix a wording error in the title of the Table. Author Contributions: Drs Spindle and Vandrey had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Vandrey reported receiving personal fees and has served as a consultant or received honoraria from Zynerba Pharmaceuticals, Insys Therapeutics, Battelle Memorial Institute, and Canopy Health Innovations Inc outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported. The funders had no role in the collection or management of the study data. Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 3. Additional Contributions: We thank the support staff of the Johns Hopkins University Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit for outstanding contributions to the implementation of this study.
They are employees of Immunoanalysis, Inc, and were not compenstated for their services provided in this study. Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy Continue.
Download PDF Comment. Figure 1. View Large Download. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Supplement 1. Trial Protocol. Supplement 2. Supplement 3. Data Sharing Statement. Cyrenne P, Shanahan M. Toward a regulatory framework for the legalization of cannabis: how do we get to there from here? Can Public Policy. Perceived harm, addictiveness, and social acceptability of tobacco products and marijuana among young adults: marijuana, hookah, and electronic cigarettes win. Subst Use Misuse.
Marijuana use and use disorders in adults in the USA, analysis of annual cross-sectional surveys. Lancet Psychiatry. Routes of administration for cannabis use—basic prevalence and related health outcomes: a scoping review and synthesis.
Int J Drug Policy. Etter JF. Electronic cigarettes and cannabis: an exploratory study. Eur Addict Res. Online survey characterizing vaporizer use among cannabis users. Drug Alcohol Depend. Brown D. California sales ignite in February, as vapes, edibles keep on burning. Accessed April 5, Vaping cannabis marijuana : parallel concerns to e-cigs?
Cannabis vaporizer combines efficient delivery of THC with effective suppression of pyrolytic compounds. J Cannabis Ther. Cannabis smoke condensate III: the cannabinoid content of vaporised cannabis sativa.
Edibles: Cannabis extract oils or butter can be used to cook or bake any number of sweet or savory foods. Since there's no smoke, there is no risk to your lungs, but dosing can be tricky. It can take upwards of two hours before you notice an edible's effects.
Be patient, and don't consume more while you're waiting. Tinctures: These alcohol-based cannabis extracts are often cut with hemp oil or CBD cannabidiol oil. When administered sublingually under the tongue , a tincture's effects can take effect within 20 minutes, and just a few drops under the tongue can be as potent as a full, THC-infused edible. A tincture's dropper makes it easier to keep doses consistent. Sublinguals: Mouth sprays, dissolvable tablets, and strips or films are all popular sublinguals that are fast-acting and safe to consume.
Like tinctures, they don't have a strong taste that sticks around in your mouth and they're easy to conceal. Suppositories: Rectal suppositories are effective treatments for IBS , hemorrhoids, constipation, and other digestive or urinary issues.
Vaginal suppositories can also be used to treat menstrual cramps and endometriosis. You may consider suppositories if you would prefer to avoid the psychoactive effects of THC. Any time you consume cannabis in an edible, sublingual, or suppository form, start with a low dose and be patient if you don't feel the effects right away.
For sublinguals and suppositories, wait at least 20 minutes before upping your dose. For edibles, wait at least three hours.
Cannabis enthusiasts say dry herb vaping has a better flavor and milder smell than smoking. Vaping cannabis has similar effects as smoking and can typically be felt in a few minutes. If you are new to vaping, it is generally recommended to start low and go slow. If you aren't feeling the desired effect after 15 minutes, you can take a little more.
The safety of CBD vaping products is still unclear. Vape pens and carts are largely unregulated with the exception of those from a medical marijuana dispensary. It depends. Vape carts have a very faint smell that dissipates quickly, making them a discreet option for inhaling cannabis. Dry herb vapes have a stronger odor that can linger in a room for about 30 minutes, but is easier to mask than smoking. And unlike smoking, vaping does not typically cling to clothing and skin.
Most vape carts are a threader that connects to a battery. Most vape pens either accommodate a threader or come with an adapter. A dab high tends to hit quicker and higher than smoking or vaping cannabis, however the high does not last as long.
The specific effects of the dab will depend on the strain and variety. A sativa dab is typically more energizing, while an indica dab tends to be more sedating. In states with legal recreational marijuana, the prices tend to be lower than in states where only medical cannabis is legally available. Black market carts may cost less, however, they can contain ingredients linked to EVALI and are not recommended. Dry herb vaping is generally understood to be the least harmful way to inhale cannabis.
Vape cartridges, on the other hand, have been linked to the potentially deadly lung injury known as EVALI. According to a survey of 42, students from hundreds of schools across the U. These numbers are climbing each year, and the risks posed to youths should not be underestimated. Vaping marijuana might expose you to fewer toxic ingredients than smoking it, but it's far from harmless.
A lot more research is needed to fully understand the health risks associated with vaping in general and vaping products that contain THC. Sign up for our Health Tip of the Day newsletter, and receive daily tips that will help you live your healthiest life.
Lung injuries associated with use of vaping products. Updated April Medical cannabis use in Canada: Vapourization and modes of delivery. Harm Reduct J. Effects are often long lasting — anywhere from 6 to 8 hours. For example, a common dose for edibles is 10 milligrams of THC. If you seek the purported beneficial health effects of marijuana without the high, you may want to seek out CBD oil and products that contain it. While more research on the effects of consuming marijuana is needed, it appears we can conclude that smoking any substance — including marijuana — is generally not good for you.
New research suggests vaping liquids may also be detrimental to health and can cause serious problems, including death. So, it seems the least harmful way of consuming marijuana may be to eat it. However, researchers note that long-term marijuana use and THC exposure may increase the risk of psychosis and mental health disorders.
Is CBD Legal? Hemp-derived CBD products with less than 0. Marijuana-derived CBD products are illegal on the federal level, but are legal under some state laws. A blunt can be several things, depending on who you ask. We'll take a look at what it usually refers to and how it compares to a joint or spliff. We'll offer some tips for relief, take a look at the research behind…. How do those fancy bongs, with all their bells and whistles, actually work? Plus, find out whether they're actually easier on your lungs than a joint.
Health officials are concerned about the increase in teens vaping cannabis because of the effects the drug can have on the brains of people under Here are Healthline's picks for the best CBD oils for joint…. Limit characters or approximately words.
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This study compared smoking to an e-cigarette style vapourizer. These vapes are mostly used for concentrate forms of cannabis, such as oils, waxes, and hashes. For vaping cannabis flowers, a much safer method of vaping utilizes a simple thermal desorption technique, where heated air passes over the material, thus liberating the trichomes into the air stream. A vape like the Volcano is the best known of these types, and has been around since or so.
It would be both interesting and beneficial to see how these types of vapes compare. Get the latest research based on your areas of interest. Weekly Email. Monthly Email. Save Preferences. Privacy Policy Terms of Use.
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