Fructose can be found in table sugar and high fructose corn syrup. Some kidney stones are as small as a grain of sand. Others are as large as a pebble. A few are as large as a golf ball! As a general rule, the larger the stone, the more noticeable are the symptoms. The kidney stone starts to hurt when it causes irritation or blockage. This builds rapidly to extreme pain.
In most cases, kidney stones pass without causing damage-but usually not without causing a lot of pain. Pain relievers may be the only treatment needed for small stones. Other treatment may be needed, especially for those stones that cause lasting symptoms or other complications.
In severe cases, however, surgery may be required. The treatment for kidney stones is similar in children and adults. You may be asked to drink a lot of water. Doctors try to let the stone pass without surgery. You may also get medication to help make your urine less acid. But if it is too large, or if it blocks the flow of urine, or if there is a sign of infection, it is removed with surgery. Shock-wave lithotripsy is a noninvasive procedure that uses high-energy sound waves to blast the stones into fragments that are then more easily passed out in the urine.
In ureteroscopy , an endoscope is inserted through the ureter to retrieve or obliterate the stone. See a doctor as soon as possible. You may be asked to drink extra fluid in an attempt to flush out the stone out in the urine. If you strain your urine and can save a piece of the stone that has passed, bring it to your doctor. Or, the stone may need to be removed with surgery. Diagnosis of a kidney stone starts with a medical history, physical examination, and imaging tests.
Your doctors will want to know the exact size and shape of the kidney stones. This can be done with a high resolution CT scan from the kidneys down to the bladder or an x-ray called a "KUB x-ray'' kidney-ureter-bladder x-ray which will show the size of the stone and its position. The KUB x-ray is often obtained by the surgeons to determine if the stone is suitable for shock wave treatment.
The KUB test may be used to monitor your stone before and after treatment, but the CT scan is usually preferred for diagnosis. In some people, doctors will also order an intravenous pyelogram or lVP, a special type of X- ray of the urinary system that is taken after injecting a dye.
Second, your doctors will decide how to treat your stone. The health of your kidneys will be evaluated by blood tests and urine tests. Your overall health, and the size and location of your stone will be considered. Later, your doctor will want to find the cause of the stone. The stone will be analyzed after it comes out of your body, and your doctor will test your blood for calcium, phosphorus and uric acid.
The doctor may also ask that you collect your urine for 24 hours to test for calcium and uric acid. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could include protected health information.
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Kidney stones often have no definite, single cause, although several factors may increase your risk. Kidney stones form when your urine contains more crystal-forming substances — such as calcium, oxalate and uric acid — than the fluid in your urine can dilute.
At the same time, your urine may lack substances that prevent crystals from sticking together, creating an ideal environment for kidney stones to form. Knowing the type of kidney stone you have helps determine its cause, and may give clues on how to reduce your risk of getting more kidney stones. If possible, try to save your kidney stone if you pass one so that you can bring it to your doctor for analysis.
Calcium stones. Most kidney stones are calcium stones, usually in the form of calcium oxalate. Oxalate is a substance made daily by your liver or absorbed from your diet.
Certain fruits and vegetables, as well as nuts and chocolate, have high oxalate content. Dietary factors, high doses of vitamin D, intestinal bypass surgery and several metabolic disorders can increase the concentration of calcium or oxalate in urine.
Calcium stones may also occur in the form of calcium phosphate. This type of stone is more common in metabolic conditions, such as renal tubular acidosis. It may also be associated with certain medications used to treat migraines or seizures, such as topiramate Topamax, Trokendi XR, Qudexy XR. Kidney stones care at Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products.
Proper hydration is a key preventive measure. Increasing the amount of urine you pass helps flush the kidneys. You can substitute ginger ale, lemon-lime soda, and fruit juice for water to help you increase your fluid intake.
If the stones are related to low citrate levels, citrate juices could help prevent the formation of stones. Eating oxalate-rich foods in moderation and reducing your intake of salt and animal proteins can also lower your risk of kidney stones. Your doctor may prescribe medications to help prevent the formation of calcium and uric acid stones. In addition to drinking more water, making modifications to your diet could also help prevent kidney stones.
Here are some foods that you may need to limit or avoid:. Animal proteins like meat, poultry, seafood, and dairy products can increase levels of uric acid in your urine and increase the risk of developing kidney stones. However, if you experience any of the following symptoms, you should seek immediate medical attention:. If you have recurrent kidney stones, you should talk to your doctor, even if your symptoms resolve without treatment.
Your doctor can help develop a plan to prevent kidney stones from forming and protect against long-term complications. Although kidney stones can be a painful and frustrating issue to deal with, there are several different treatment options available. In fact, there are many medications and procedures that can help manage symptoms and promote the passage of kidney stones.
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Learn preventive steps you…. High blood sugar can cause problems in any part of…. Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Your urine can be tested to see if you have a urinary tract infection or crystals that are typical of different stone types.
If you are at high risk for getting stones in the future, a hour urine collection can be done. This test will reveal the levels of different stone-forming substances in your urine. The results of this test can help your health care provider recommend make specific diet and medications to prevent future stones. When a health care provider sees you for the first time and you have had stones before, he or she may want to see recent X-rays or order a new X-ray.
They will do this to see if there are any stones in your urinary tract. Imaging tests may be repeated over time to check for stone growth. You may also need this test if you are having pain, hematuria blood in your urine or recurrent infections.
If you pass a stone or a stone is removed by surgery, your health care provider will want to test it. Testing the stone will determine what type of stone it is. This information helps your health care provider decide the best way to prevent future stones. Once your health care provider finds out why you are forming stones, he or she will give you tips on how to prevent them. This may include changing your diet and taking certain medications. There is no "one-size-fits-all" diet for preventing kidney stones.
Everyone is different. Your diet may not be causing your stones to form. But there are dietary changes that you can make to stop stones from continuing to form. If you are not producing enough urine, your health care provider will recommend you drink at least 3 liters of liquid each day. This equals about 3 quarts about ten ounce glasses. This is a great way to lower your risk of forming new stones.
Remember to drink more to replace fluids lost when you sweat from exercise or in hot weather. All fluids count toward your fluid intake. But it's best to drink mostly no-calorie or low-calorie drinks. This may mean limiting sugar-sweetened or alcoholic drinks. Knowing how much you drink during the day can help you understand how much you need to drink to produce 2. Use a household measuring cup to measure how much liquid you drink for a day or two.
Drink from bottles or cans with the fluid ounces listed on the label. Keep a log, and add up the ounces at the end of the day or hour period. Use this total to be sure you are reaching your daily target urine amount of at least 85 ounces 2. Health care providers recommend people who form cystine stones drink more liquid than other stone formers. Usually 4 liters of liquid is advised to reduce cystine levels in your urine. This tip is for people with high sodium intake and high urine calcium or cystine.
Sodium can cause both urine calcium and cystine to be too high. Your health care provider may advise you to avoid foods that have a lot of salt. The following foods are high in salt and should be eaten in moderation:. If you take calcium supplements, make sure you aren't getting too much calcium. On the other hand make sure you aren't getting too little calcium either.
Talk with your health care provider or dietitian about whether you need supplements. Good sources of calcium to choose from often are those low in salt. Eating calcium-rich foods or beverages with meals every day is a good habit. There are many non-dairy sources of calcium, such as calcium-fortified non-dairy milks. There are good choices, especially if you avoid dairy.
You can usually get enough calcium from your diet without supplements if you eat three-to-four servings of calcium-rich food.
Many foods and beverages have calcium in them. Some foods and beverages that might be easy to include on a daily basis with meals are:. Eating at least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily is recommended for all people who form kidney stones. Eating fruits and vegetables give you potassium, fiber, magnesium, antioxidants, phytate and citrate, all of which may help keep stones from forming. A serving means one piece of fruit or one potato or one cup of raw vegetables.
If you are worried you may not be eating the right amount of fruits and vegetables, talk to your health care provider about what will be best for you. This recommendation is for patients with high urine oxalate. Eating calcium-rich foods see table above with meals can often control the oxalate level in your urine.
Urinary oxalate is controlled because eating calcium lowers the oxalate level in your body. But if doing that does not control your urine oxalate, you may be asked to eat less of certain high-oxalate foods.
Nearly all plant foods have oxalate, but a few foods contain a lot of it. These include spinach, rhubarb and almonds. It is usually not necessary to completely stop eating foods that contain oxalate. This needs to be determined individually and depends on why your oxalate levels are high in the first place. If you make cystine or calcium oxalate stones and your urine uric acid is high, your health care provider may tell you to eat less animal protein. If your health care provider thinks your diet is increasing your risk for stones, he or she will tell you to eat less meat, fish, seafood, poultry, pork, lamb, mutton and game meat than you eat now.
This might mean eating these foods once or twice rather than two or three times a day, fewer times during the week, or eating smaller portions when you do eat them. The amount to limit depends on how much you eat now and how much your diet is affecting your uric acid levels. Changing your diet and increasing fluids may not be enough to prevent stones from forming. Your health care provider may give you medications to take to help with this. The type of stone and the urine abnormalities you have will help your health care provider decide if you need medicine and which medicine is best.
Common medications include:. Thiazides lower urine calcium by helping the kidney take calcium out of the urine and put it back in the blood stream. When taking thiazides, you need to limit how much salt you take in, as these medications work best when urine sodium is low. Potassium citrate makes the urine less acidic or more alkaline basic. This helps prevent cystine and uric acid stones. It also raises the citrate level in the urine, helping to prevent calcium stones. Allopurinol not only lowers the level of uric acid in the blood but also in the urine, so it may also be prescribed to help prevent calcium and uric acid stones.
These stones form because of repeated urinary tract infections UTI. AHA makes the urine unfavorable for struvite stones to form. The best way to prevent stuvite stones is to prevent repeated UTIs caused by specific types of bacteria and to completely remove the stones with surgery. These medications d-penicillamine or tiopronin bind to cystine in the urine and form a compound that is less likely than cystine to crystallize in the urine. This drug is used when other measures fail, such as raising fluid intake, reducing salt intake or using potassium citrate.
Your health care provider and a dietitian may be good sources of information about over-the-counter nutritional supplements.
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