The circulatory system. Health and hygiene. Habitat and adaptation. Short Answer Questions SA. Long Answer Questions LA. Hello friends, welcome to the Lido online learning sessions. So here our question is answer briefly with the following why do our body cells require oxygen because oxygen is to respire or release of the energy?
So we need to breathe by the oxygen on we have to leave the carbon dioxide and breathe oxygen. So here is difference between breathing and respiration? So here in breathing it is inhaling and energy is either respiration is energy is produced breathing down glucose. So here Breathing has long used by lungs and respiratory by the cells.
So here breathing consumes. No enzyme it consumes whether respiration convinced many enzymes. So name the bride product form during the oxidation of Cody CO2 and water name the agency which transports oxygen to all parts of the body is blood.
What is the role of the epiglottis during swelling close notepad swirling of foot? Thank you for watching the video. Book a free class. Book a free class Join class now already booked a class? Selina solutions. But how does it work? Breathing uses chemical and mechanical processes to bring oxygen to every cell of the body and to get rid of carbon dioxide. Our body needs oxygen to obtain energy to fuel all our living processes.
Carbon dioxide is a waste product of that process. The respiratory system, with its conduction and respiratory zones, brings air from the environment to the lungs and facilitates gas exchange both in the lungs and within the cells. Nurses need a solid understanding of how breathing works, and of vital signs of breathing and breathing patterns, to be able to care for patients with respiratory problems and potentially save lives in acute situations.
Citation: Cedar SH Every breath you take: the process of breathing explained. Nursing Times [online]; 1, It is also often the first question asked about newborns and the last one asked about the dying. Why is breathing so important? What is in the breath that we need so much? What happens when we stop breathing? These might seem obvious questions, but the mechanisms of respiration are often poorly understood, and their importance in health assessments and diagnostics often missed.
This article describes the anatomy and physiology of breathing. We need energy to fuel all the activities in our bodies, such as contracting muscles and maintaining a resting potential in our neurons, and we have to work to obtain the energy we use.
Green plants take their energy directly from sunlight and convert it into carbohydrates sugars. We cannot do that, but we can use the energy stored in carbohydrates to fuel all other reactions in our bodies.
To do this, we need to combine sugar with oxygen. We therefore need to accumulate both sugar and oxygen, which requires us to work. As a matter of fact, we spend much of our energy obtaining the sugar and oxygen we need to produce energy. We source carbohydrates from green plants or animals that have eaten green plants, and we source oxygen from the air.
Green plants release oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis; we use that oxygen to fuel our metabolic reactions, releasing carbon dioxide as a waste product. Plants use our waste product as the carbon source for carbohydrates. To obtain energy we must release the energy contained in the chemical bonds of molecules such as sugars. The foods we eat such as carbohydrates and proteins are digested in our gastrointestinal tract into molecules such as sugars and amino acids that are small enough to pass into the blood.
The blood transports the sugars to the cells, where the mitochondria break up their chemical bonds to release the energy they contain. Cells need oxygen to be able to carry out that process.
As every cell in our body needs energy, every one of them needs oxygen. The energy released is stored in a chemical compound called adenosine triphosphate ATP , which contains three phosphate groups. When we need energy to carry out an activity, ATP is broken down into adenosine diphosphate ADP , containing only two phosphate groups.
Breaking the chemical bond between the third phosphate group and ATP releases a high amount of energy. Our lungs supply oxygen from the outside air to the cells via the blood and cardiovascular system to enable us to obtain energy.
As we breathe in, oxygen enters the lungs and diffuses into the blood. It is taken to the heart and pumped into the cells. At the same time, the carbon dioxide waste from the breakdown of sugars in the cells of the body diffuses into the blood and then diffuses from the blood into the lungs and is expelled as we breathe out.
One gas oxygen is exchanged for another carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases takes places both in the lungs external respiration and in the cells internal respiration. Fig 1 summarises gas exchange in humans. Our respiratory system comprises a conduction zone and a respiratory zone. The conduction zone brings air from the external environment to the lungs via a series of tubes through which the air travels. These are the:. The nasal cavity has a large number of tiny capillaries that bring warm blood to the cold nose.
The warmth from the blood diffuses into the cold air entering the nose and warms it. The lining of the pharynx and larynx which form the upper respiratory tract and the lining of the trachea lower respiratory tract have small cells with little hairs or cilia.
These hairs trap small airborne particles, such as dust, and prevent them from reaching the lungs. The lining of the nasal cavity, upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract contains goblet cells that secrete mucus. It also traps particles, which the cilia then sweep upwards and away from the lungs so they are swallowed into the stomach for digestion, rather than getting trapped in the lungs. This mechanism of moving trapped particles in this way is known as the mucociliary escalator.
The lungs are a little like balloons: they do not inflate by themselves, but only do so if air is blown into them. We can blow into the lungs and inflate them — which is one of the two techniques used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation — but that does not happen in the normal daily life of healthy people.
We have to inhale and exhale air by ourselves. How do we do that? Two NADH molecules are also produced; these molecules serve as electron carriers for other biochemical reactions in the cell. Glycolysis is an ancient, major ATP-producing pathway that occurs in almost all cells, eukaryotes and prokaryotes alike.
This process, which is also known as fermentation , takes place in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen. However, the fate of the pyruvate produced during glycolysis depends upon whether oxygen is present. In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvate cannot be completely oxidized to carbon dioxide, so various intermediate products result.
For example, when oxygen levels are low, skeletal muscle cells rely on glycolysis to meet their intense energy requirements. This reliance on glycolysis results in the buildup of an intermediate known as lactic acid, which can cause a person's muscles to feel as if they are "on fire.
In contrast, when oxygen is available, the pyruvates produced by glycolysis become the input for the next portion of the eukaryotic energy pathway. During this stage, each pyruvate molecule in the cytoplasm enters the mitochondrion, where it is converted into acetyl CoA , a two-carbon energy carrier, and its third carbon combines with oxygen and is released as carbon dioxide.
At the same time, an NADH carrier is also generated. Acetyl CoA then enters a pathway called the citric acid cycle , which is the second major energy process used by cells. Figure 6: Metabolism in a eukaryotic cell: Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. Within the mitochondrion, the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and oxidative metabolism occurs at the internal folded mitochondrial membranes cristae.
The third major process in the eukaryotic energy pathway involves an electron transport chain , catalyzed by several protein complexes located in the mitochondrional inner membrane. This process, called oxidative phosphorylation, transfers electrons from NADH and FADH 2 through the membrane protein complexes, and ultimately to oxygen, where they combine to form water. As electrons travel through the protein complexes in the chain, a gradient of hydrogen ions, or protons, forms across the mitochondrial membrane.
Cells harness the energy of this proton gradient to create three additional ATP molecules for every electron that travels along the chain. Overall, the combination of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation yields much more energy than fermentation - 15 times as much energy per glucose molecule! Together, these processes that occur inside the mitochondion, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, are referred to as respiration , a term used for processes that couple the uptake of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide Figure 6.
The electron transport chain in the mitochondrial membrane is not the only one that generates energy in living cells. In plant and other photosynthetic cells, chloroplasts also have an electron transport chain that harvests solar energy. Even though they do not contain mithcondria or chloroplatss, prokaryotes have other kinds of energy-yielding electron transport chains within their plasma membranes that also generate energy. When energy is abundant, eukaryotic cells make larger, energy-rich molecules to store their excess energy.
The resulting sugars and fats — in other words, polysaccharides and lipids — are then held in reservoirs within the cells, some of which are large enough to be visible in electron micrographs.
Animal cells can also synthesize branched polymers of glucose known as glycogen , which in turn aggregate into particles that are observable via electron microscopy. A cell can rapidly mobilize these particles whenever it needs quick energy. Athletes who "carbo-load" by eating pasta the night before a competition are trying to increase their glycogen reserves. Under normal circumstances, though, humans store just enough glycogen to provide a day's worth of energy.
Plant cells don't produce glycogen but instead make different glucose polymers known as starches , which they store in granules. In addition, both plant and animal cells store energy by shunting glucose into fat synthesis pathways. One gram of fat contains nearly six times the energy of the same amount of glycogen, but the energy from fat is less readily available than that from glycogen. Still, each storage mechanism is important because cells need both quick and long-term energy depots.
Fats are stored in droplets in the cytoplasm; adipose cells are specialized for this type of storage because they contain unusually large fat droplets. Humans generally store enough fat to supply their cells with several weeks' worth of energy Figure 7. Figure 7: Examples of energy storage within cells. A In this cross section of a rat kidney cell, the cytoplasm is filled with glycogen granules, shown here labeled with a black dye, and spread throughout the cell G , surrounding the nucleus N.
B In this cross-section of a plant cell, starch granules st are present inside a chloroplast, near the thylakoid membranes striped pattern. C In this amoeba, a single celled organism, there is both starch storage compartments S , lipid storage L inside the cell, near the nucleus N. Qian H. Letcher P. A Bamri-Ezzine, S. All rights reserved. This page appears in the following eBook.
Aa Aa Aa.
0コメント